Over 125 million women and girls have experienced FGM in the 29 countries in which it is concentrated. It is practised in several parts of the world, but the practice is concentrated more heavily in Africa, parts of the Middle East, and some other parts of Asia. Self-inflicted įemale genital mutilation (FGM), also known as female genital cutting (FGC), female circumcision, or female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C), refers to "all procedures involving partial or total removal of the external female genitalia or other surgery of the female genital organs whether for cultural, religious or other non-therapeutic reasons." It is not the same as the procedures used in gender reassignment surgery or the genital modification of intersex persons. An adult individual may opt for increasing the size of her hymenal opening, or removal of the hymen altogether, to facilitate sexual penetration of her vagina. It may be performed to allow menstruation to occur. Hymenotomy is the surgical perforation of an imperforate hymen. Advocates of natural childbirth and unassisted birth state that this intervention is often performed without medical necessity, with significant damage to the female giving birth. Reconstructive surgery may be performed to restore what was lost, often with techniques similar to those used in sex reassignment surgery.ĭuring childbirth, an episiotomy (cutting part of the tissue between the vagina and the anus) is sometimes performed to increase the amount of space through which the baby may emerge. ![]() Females may undergo vaginectomy or vulvectomy (to the vagina and vulva, respectively), while males may undergo penectomy or orchiectomy (removal of the penis and testicles, respectively). If the genitals become diseased, as in the case of cancer, sometimes the diseased areas are surgically removed. In some cases, a child's gender may be reassigned due to genital injury, including David Reimer, who was the subject of John Money's John/Joan case. Hijra, a third gender found in the Indian subcontinent, may opt to undergo castration. Trans women may also benefit from hair removal and facial feminization surgery, while some trans men may have liposuction to remove fat deposits around their hips and thighs. Some of the surgical procedures are breast augmentation, vaginoplasty (creation of a vagina), and vulvoplasty (creation of a vulva) for trans women and mastectomy (breast removal), metoidioplasty (elongation of the clitoris), phalloplasty (creation of a penis), and scrotoplasty for trans men. Not all transgender people elect to have these surgeries. People who are transgender may undergo sex reassignment surgery to alter their bodies to match their gender identity. Penis enlargement is a term for various techniques used to attempt to increase the size of the penis, though the safety and efficacy of these techniques are debated. Ĭlitoris enlargement may be achieved temporarily through the use of a clitoral pump, or it may be achieved permanently through the application or injection of testosterone. ![]() The Hanabira-style (Japanese for petal) is a special form of scarification originating in Japan it involves the decoration of the mons pubis. The genital decoration by scars is an ancient tradition in many cultures, both for men and women. ![]() Similar to tattooing, genital scarification is primarily done for aesthetic reasons by adding cosmetic scars to the skin. Similarly, pearling involves surgical insertion of small, inert spheres under the skin along the shaft of the penis for the purpose of providing sexual stimulation to the walls of the vagina. Genital piercings and genital tattooing may be performed for aesthetic reasons, but piercings can have the benefit of increasing sexual pleasure for the pierced individual or their sex partners. Contemporary, western women with clitoral hood piercing and genital tattooing (left) and Hanabira (right)
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